Showing 64 results for Infection
Akbar Mirsalehian, Seyed Mansour Razavi, Hossein Ziaei, Kobra Bamdad, Seyed Mohammad Mirafshar, Farzaneh Bazarjani,
year 1, Issue 1 (6-2007)
Abstract
Background and objectives: Respiratory tract infection is the most common diseases among Iranian
pilgrims during Hajj season. To understand the possibility of bacterial involvement in such infections, we
screened the pilgrims’ sera to determine the titer of antibodies against Mycoplasma pneuomoniae (MP),
Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) and Legionella pneumophila (LP).
Material and Method: Serum samples from 128 pilgrims were collected, before the trip and one month after
returning home. Antibodies to MP, CP, LP were assayed using Immunoflourecent and ELISA methods.
Results: IgM antibody titre to CP did not elevated, but IgG antibody titer was increased in 34.58% (n=48) and
15.82% (n=22) of cases, indicating of recent infection. The specific antibodies to MP and LP were not
increased.
Conclusion: In pilgrims infected with an atypical respiratory pathogen, C. pneumoniae should be considered
as an important causative. The true prevalence of thispathogen should be investigated since it relies on the
sensitivity and specificity of currently available diagnostic methods.
Mahboobeh Naderinasab, Javad Genaat, Tahere Rashed, Kiarash Ghazvini,
year 1, Issue 2 (9-2007)
Abstract
Background and objectives: Chlamydia trachomatis is a common cause of sexually transmitted disease
which can cause severe consequences. Appropriate preventive requires knowledge of epidemiology of
infection in different population in order to target interventions in a cost-effective manner. In this study
prevalence of C. trachomatis infections were determined according to some parameter in Mashhad.
Materials & Methods: In this study serum from 76 patients with STD were examined by ELISA and IFA for
C. trachomatis. Statistical evaluation was done using SPSS program.
Results: ELISA showed that 11 and 3 patients with IgG and IgM against C. trachomatis,respectively. IFA
analysis showed that 1 patient had titer of 1/32, 6patients with 1/64 and 3 patients with 1/128. Onefemale
patient showed titer of 1/256.
Conclusion: This study provides strong evidence that Chlamydia prevalence in our region is significantly high
which necessitate screening and treatment. It is, therefore, suggested that
detection test for chlamydial genito-urinary infections become a routine part of STD investigations.
Mino Tavakkoli, Mohammadreza Soudi, Fereidoun Malekzadeh, Ghazaleh Hajy Zarghany,
year 2, Issue 1 (6-2008)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Bacterial cells of Staphylococcus epidermidis are naturally occurring on skin
and human mucosal membranes. They also cause nosocomial infections. Capability of biofilm formation
plays an important role in the bacterial virulence. Quinolones have been used to treat urinary tract infections
caused by S. epidermidis for several years. Thus, resistance to this type of antibiotics has emerged among the
strains of this organism. Since the bacterial cells residing within biofilm structures are more resistant than
those in planctonic stage, we conduct this study to examine the effect of quinolnes was the main goal of
ones study of higher resistance of native biofilm producing strains is the goal of this project.
Material and Methods: In this research ten native isolates of S. epidermidis were obtained from pathients
with urinary tract infection. Also standard strain of S. epidermidis PTCC 1435 was used as a control.
Identification of strains was confirmed using morphological and biochemical tests. Challenge tests against
the isolated was performed using three quinolone antibiotics including Ciprofluxacin, Ofluxacin, Nalidixic
acid, with two different procedures :kirby bauer disk diffusion test, and broth dilution test.
Results: Average of MICs of above mentioned antibiotics against ten isolated was obtained as follow:
Ciprofluxacin (7/375 µg/µl), Ofluxacin (11/53 µg/µl), Nalidixic acid (259/ 2 µg/µl). Experimental biofilm
model of these bacteria showed much higher resistance to quinolone antibiotic, from 15 times in case of
Nalidixic acid to 18 times greater resistance in case of Ciprofluxacin. Average of MICs amang ten isolates
against the three antibiotics also showed increased resistance as follow: Ciprofluxacin ( 128/4 µg/µl ),
Ofluxacin (177/8 µg/µl ), Nalidixic acid (3942 /4 µg/µl ).
Conclusion: S. epidermidis showed increased resistance to different quinolone antibiotics in biofilm
structure, comparing to those of planktonic form. Results obtained from this research is in agreement with
those of other similar projects and emphesize on applying of a de quaite doses of antibiotics against urinary
infection caused by biofilmic Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Ahmad Ghasemi, Rezvan Moniri, Ahmad Khorshidi, Gholam Abbas Musavi,
year 2, Issue 3 (3-2009)
Abstract
Background and objectives: Enterococcus faecalis is a normal commensal in the human intestinal flora but can
leads to nosocomial infections. Several virulence factors have been described in E. faecalis, including
aggregation substance(Agg), entrococcal surface protein(Esp), cytolysin (Cyl) having both hemolytic and
bactericidal activity, and gelatinase(Gel). These factors act synergistically to enhance virulence, resulting tissue
damage and tissue invasion. The aims of this study was phenotypic determination of virulence factors of E.
faecalis isolates recovered from patients with urinary tract infections.
Material and Methods: This descriptive study were carried out in 95 clinical E. faecalis isolates recovered from
patients with urinary tract infections in Shahid Beheshti hospital in Kashan, Iran, between 2007 and 2008. The
production of biofilm, hemolysin and gelatinase by these isolates was also examined and the associated medical
records of patients were retrospectively reviewed. Data were analyzed using Chi Square and Exact Fischer tests.
Results: Gelatinase activity was detected in 19 of the 95 (20%) E. faecalis isolates, hemolysin was detected in
42 of 95 (44.2%) E. faecalis isolates as beta hemolysis 35.8% and alpha hemolysis 7.4%, and 79 out of
95(83.2%) isolates showed weak, 6 out of 95(6.3%) moderate and 10 out of 95 (10.5%) strong biofilm
formation. There was no significant correlation between biofilm formation and age, sex, previous history of
antibiotic therapy, catheterization, production of haemolysin and gelatinase activity.
Conclusions: No single factor was detected as virulence prediction. It seems that the factors act synergistically.
Jamileh Taheri, Nasrin Rafieian, Somaye Azimi, Shadi Mohebbi, Masomeh Navidinia,
year 3, Issue 2 (12-2009)
Abstract
Back ground and Objective: AlproCid is a brand new disinfectant which is a third Alkyl amine and
ammonium with considerable effectiveness. The aim ofthis study was to evaluate of effectiveness of
AlproCid on disinfecting dental surfaces and instruments.
Material and Methods: This laboratory-based study was conducted of 30 samples which were collected
before and after administration of AlproCid from the same spots on dental instruments by using sterile
swabs. The samples were cultured on blood agar and chocolate agar and were incubated in 37
o
C for 24
hours.The standard bacteria were then identified to species level. The AlproCid solution was incorporated
into strile paper discs. The effect of AlproCid was investigated by observation of growth inhibition zone
around the disc and colony counting. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 14 and Chi-Square test
for determining the significance level and alpha error was set at 0.05%.
Results: From the total samples 86% were free of any bacteria. Microbial load was significantly reduced
(P<0.05) after AlproCid application on dental instruments. The colony counting for all bacteria were reduced
to less than 10
5
, and the growth inhibition zone was at least 10 mm.This in vitro study showed the
effectiveness of AlproCid on laboratory standard strains of E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Entrococci resistant
to vancomycin, and S. aureusresistant to methicillin. This effect was bactericidal.
Conclusion: AlproCid is an effective agent in decreasing bacterial contamination of dental instruments
without any adverse effect on the surface of instruments. The solution could be used for easy and rapid
disinfecting of all surfaces
Mojgan Mohammadimehr, Mohammad Mehdi Feizabadi, Ozra Bahadori, Mohsen Motshaker Arani, Maryam Khosravi,
year 3, Issue 2 (12-2009)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Nosocomial infections are an important public health problem in many
developing countries, particularly in the intensive care unit (ICU). These infections are accompanied with
longer hospitalization, higher therapy expenses and emerging drug resistance among bacterial causative
agents. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of gram negative bacteria caused nosocomial
infection in ICU of Besat hospital and detection of their antibiotic resistance pattern.
Materials and method:This project was a descriptive cross- sectional study conducted during a period of 12
months in 2007 at ICU of Besat hospital. Bacterial strains were isolated from various clinical samples of the
patients and were identified at the species level by using conventional methods. The susceptibility testing
was performed on the isolated bacteria by disc diffusion method. Chi square test was used for data analysis.
Results: In this study, nosocomial infections by gramnegative bacteria were identified in 65 out of 165
patients. So the incidence rate of nosocomial infection in this ward was 39.39%. The most prevalent isolated
organism was Klebsiella pneumoniae (46.2%) followed by Escherichia coli (23.1%). Pneumonia (78.5%)
was the most common infection in patients. The most effective antibiotics were cefotaxime clavonic acid,
ceftazidime clavonic acid, amikacin and imipenem. All the isolates showed 80 to 100% resistance to
ampicillin. The history of surgery and antibiotic therapy showed significant correlation with nosocomial
infection (P<0.05).
Conclusion: the most prevalent isolated bacteria was Klebsiella pneumoniaeand the most common infection
was pneumonia. High antibiotic resistance was seen inisolated bacteria in present study. Nosocomial
infection showed significant correlation with a history of surgery and antibiotic therapy.
Shila Jalalpoor, Roha Kermanshahi, Ashrafsadat Noohi, Hamid Zarkesh Esfahani ,
year 4, Issue 1 (9-2010)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: S-layer in bacteria is composed of proteins that inhibit antibiotics entry into the cells and therefore can lead to substantial increase in pathogenicity. Due to the significant role that hospital staff hands and other surfaces plays in transfer of nosocomial infections, contamination with B. cereus strains capable of producing S-layer and β–lactamase can lead to the spread of antibiotic resistant nosocomial infections. The objective of this investigation was to survey the frequency of S-layer and β–lactamase production in B.cereus hospital isolates. The possible role of S-layer in inhibiting the translocation of penicillin in B.cereus strain isolated from staff hands and hospital surfaces were also investigated.
Material and Methods: This Study was performed during 2005/2007 in Al-Zahra Hospital of Isfahan University. A total of 274 samples from staff hand and hospital surfaces were collected. Bacterial cultures were performed for 16 hr in TSA (Trypticase Soy Agar). The S-layer surface proteins were isolated using electrophoresis with 10X SDS-PAGE. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using Kirby Bauer technique, followed by the detection of β–lactamase production with acidimetric method.
Results: Of the 247 collected samples, the frequency of B.cereus isolation was 26 (9.49%). The 13 B.cereus strains that were isolated from the hospital staff hands, 11 (84.6%) strains and from the 13 B.cereus strains isolated from hospital surfaces, 1 (7/7%) strain produced S-layer nanostructure. The Susceptibility test results indicated that, 11 (92.3%) of the S-layer non-producing B.cereus strains and 12 (100%) of producing strains were resistant to penicillin. The acidimetric test results indicated that all of the S-layer producing B.cereus strains produced β–lactamase.
Conclusion: The higher prevalence of S-layer producing B.cereus strains isolated from hospital staff hands as well as, the much higher rate of penicillin resistance in these isolates may be attributed to the presence of S-layers.
Shahla Mansouri, Davoud Kalantar , Mostafa Shokouhi , Samaneh Abbasi ,
year 4, Issue 1 (9-2010)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Escherichia coli is the most common cause of nosocomial
infection including urinary tract infections (UTIS). Due to the presence of various resistance
mechanisms against antibacterial agents specially extended spectrum β -lactamases (ESBLs), the
treatment of infections caused by these bacteria is problematic. Since detection of bacterial
resistance and SHV and TEM type ESBLs which are the common type of β - lactamases is
required for a better management of infection caused by these bacteria, the aim of this study was
to determine the antibacterial resistance pattern and the prevalence of bla
SHV and blaTEM
lactamases genes in clinical isolates of E.colifrom urine of hospitalized patient in Kerman.
Material and Methods: This study was performed on 115 E.coli strains isolated from urine
specimens of hospitalized patients in 3 hospitals in Kerman. Agar dilution method was used for
determination of minimum inhibitory concentration to selected antibacterial agents. ESBLs
production was detected by combined disc method. TEM and SHV type β -lactamases were
detected by PCR method using plasmid and chromosomal DNA.
Results: Of the total isolated bacteria, 86(74.7%) showed resistance to 3 antibacterial agents
from different classes and were considered as multiple drug resistance (MDR). Totally, 76
(66%) of the isolates produced ESBLs. The PCR assay performed on the plasmid and
chromosomal DNA, totally 48 (4107%) of the isolates showed TEM, 39 (33.9%) showed SHV,
and 20 (17.3%) of the isolates had both TEM and SHV genes. The lowest level of resistance,
only in 7 of the isolates (14.7%), was seen towards ceftizoxim. The highest level of resistance
was detected to amoxicillin and trimethoprim /sulfamethoxazole which was in the order of 108
(94%) and 110 (95%) isolates, respectively.
Conclusion: MDR trait in urine isolates is common in this area. Due to high resistance to
trimethoprim /sulfamethoxazole and amoxicillin, these antibacterial agents are not
recommended for treatment of urinary tract infections. In general, the prevalence of TEM gene
was found to be much higher than the SHV.
Heshmatollah Taherkhani , Mostafa Ansari, Mohhamad Fallah, Sadegh Saba , Safoora Shariat, Gholamreza Roshandel ,
year 4, Issue 1 (9-2010)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Giardiasis has multiple clinical manifestations andits prevalence
is relatively high in Hamadan province of Iran. This study was conducted to determine the most
frequent clinical sign and symptoms of Giardiasis in Hamadan province of Iran in 2006.
Material and Methods: This was a descriptive cross sectional study. Sixty four patients (26
women and 38 males) found to be infected with Giardia were recruited. Anti-glidin antibody
and TTG (Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody) tests were performed to roll out celiac disease.
Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.
Results: Giardiasis was most common in cases aged 16-20 years old (20.3%), in males (59.4%)
and in patients with educational status of primary school (31.25%). The most frequent symptom
was abdominal pain (42.1%). Bloating and diarrhea with 23.4% and 9.4%, respectively, were
the next ones.
Conclusion: We found that the clinical manifestations of giardiasis are similar to other
gastrointestinal diseases such as celiac. So giardiasis should be considered as probable diagnosis
in patients with gastrointestinal problems.
Mohaddeseh Larypoor, Shirin Frsad ,
year 5, Issue 3 (12-2011)
Abstract
Introduction and objective: Each year two million patients in the hospital were infected by nosocomial
infections, that while person was being confined to bed into hospital does not exist, and kill more than
19,000 of patients and cost more than 5/4 million dollars in the year. Despite this fact that one third of
nosocomial infections can be controlled, but it is still in developed and in developing countries a very
serious risk. The aims of this study is explain new information regarding the prevalence of microbial and
unmicrobial factors affecting in nosocomial infections in a hospital in Qom.
Materials and Methods: Int his study , confined to bed patients are considerd in ccu, Icu, men and
women surgery, nephrology, neonatal and infectious part ,of 1/1/2008 to 01/01/2009. In this way ,the
nurses were recorded information in questionnaire, including First & Last Name, age, sex, date of
confined to bed, name of hospital part, kind of illness, kind of clinical symptom of nosocamial infection,
hospital infection location, date of hospital infections. Then, this patients were sampled and samples
were evaluated in microbiology laboratory. samples were including sputum, blood, urine and ulcerous.
For analysis of the results was used of statistical tests as correlation.
Results: Among 1043 patients studied in this one year, 105 patients with mean age of (64.16 > ± 26.4
) years (ranging 30 days to 126 years) were diagnosed and 19 patients died after 48 hours of suffering to
nosocamial infection. Number of women infectious confined to bed in to the hospital 50 persons and
number of men was 55 patient. Overall incidence rate of NI was 35/10000 patients.In this study, bacteria,
viruses and fungi were separated as factors causing NI in confined to bed patients. Regarding the etiology
of infection were consist of:
from 37 cases (85/33%) E.coli, from 14 cases (13/33)Gram positive Cocci, from 12 cases
(42/11) Enterobacter, from 10 cases (52/9)Alkaligenes, from 9 (57/8) cases Klebsiella, from 8 cases (61/7)Pseudomonas were isolated . So, it were isolated of 5 (76/4) cases , HBS Virus and of four cases (80/3), HCV Virus. Also, Of 4 (80/3) cases ,Candida albicans and of two cases (90/1) Aspergillus were
isolated. Incidence density in Icu was A86.60 «,in CCU f 39.64 f, in internal medicine ward was 37.71, in
surgery was 28.67, in orthopedic ward was 14.19, in child ward 12.42, in infectious ward 9.77,in heart ward
5.4,in urology ward 4.67 and ENT ward 2.44 /10000 patients /day.
According to test Correlation, there is significant relationship between increasing age and increasing
incidence of nosocomial infection.(p<0.01) Also, this test showed that there is no relationship between
sexuality and the prevalence of nosocomial infection. (P>0.05)
Conclusion: According to the results obtained, it was shown that certain factors of N I in the age range
(60-90) years,and neonates, most occur due to immune system defects, avitaminosis, diabetes, surgeries,
pneumonia and treatment of medical staff. Relative prevalence of nosocomial infection was through the
urinary catheter (42%), surgical wound (24%), lower respiratory cannal(18 %), blood flow (12%) and
remainder organs (14%). Therefore,attention to the results of this kind of researches and prevention of
mortality of this patients to nosocamial infection is very essential.The result of in study indicate the
lower frequency of NI in comparison with the national results.proper and timely use of medical
intervention,hand washing especially for health personnel,health education ,continuous supervision, correct
use of disposable equipments,controlled use of antibiotics good care of surgical wounds are the most
important to be considered.
Shilla Jalalpoor, Rooha Kasra Kermanshahi, Ashraf Sadat Noohi, Hamid Zarkesh Esfahani,
year 5, Issue 4 (3-2012)
Abstract
Introduction: Nosocomial infections (NIs), also called hospital-acquired infections are
infections acquired during hospital care which are not present or incubating at
admission. Nosocomial infections remain a major global concern in all countries. Health
care settings are an environment where both infected persons and persons at increased
risk of infection congregate. Patients with infections or carriers of pathogenic
microorganisms admitted to hospital are potential sources of infection for patients and
staff. Staff hands and hospital surfaces have important role in produce and controlling
nosocomial Infections.
Material and Method:
Related papers to importance of staff hands and hospital surfaces in nosocomial
infections were extracted of articles in Pubmed, Elsevier Science, and Yahoo from 1995 to 2010 years.
For this study key words which were search include hospital surfaces, staff hand, nosocomial
infection and infection control.
Results:
About importance of staff hands and ho spital surfaces in nosocomial infections in all of
similar original and review articles, there is consensus that control of Bacterial population in these
sources, lead to reduce and control of transfer and spread of Bacterial in hospital and
finally nosocomial infection.
Conclusion:
Hospital surfaces can serve as reservoirs of potential pathogen Bacteria and have
important role in infection chain. Bacteria on hospital surfaces have low potential to
spread. Staff hands have very contact with hospital surfaces, especially high contact
surface, and are more sources to transmission and spread Bacteria into hospital. Staff
Hand and hospital surfaces hygiene has been considered to be the most important tool in
NI control.
Hamid Vaez, Samira Khosravi, Ebrahim Soleymani,
year 5, Issue 4 (3-2012)
Abstract
Background and objective: Bloodstream infections (BSI) are dangerous and if not
treated appropriately will be accompanied by high mortality. the aim of this study was to
determine the frequency of different etiological agents of BSI and their resistance to
commonly used antibiotics.
Material and Method: This study performed by 129 positive blood culture samples
collected during 2009 to 2010 from patients of tehran besat hospital. Antibiotic
susceptibility testing was performed by using disk diffusion method as per clinical and
laboratory standards institu (CLSI) guideline. Data analysed by Chi-square test and SPSS
soft ware. P value of <0.05 was determined as significant.
Results: The most common causes of BSI were coagulase-negative staphylococcus
(CONS) and E.coli 45(34.9%), 38(29.5%) respectively. Infections with proteus vulgaris
was rare 2 (1.6%). Prevalence of gram negative infections in comparison with gram
positive infections was (1.58:1). The highest resistance was demonstrated as: Penicillin
73.6% - Ampicillin 66.6% -Tetracyclin 58.9%. The highest susceptibility was
demonstrated as Gentamicin and Imipenem 68.3%,65.9% respectively.
Conclusion: BSI caused by gram negative bacteria is 1.5 fold more than gram positive
bacteria. In our hospital CONS and E.coli are more common etiological agents of
BSI (64% of all infections). Vancomycin are suitable antibiotic for treatment of CONA
and S.aureus infections.
Banafshe Dormanesh, Reza Mirnejad, Ebrahim Khodaverdi Dariyan, Hasan Momtaz, Emad Yahaghi, Farhad Safarpour Dehkordi, Motahareh Pilevarzadeh,
year 7, Issue 2 (9-2013)
Abstract
Background: A lot of children suffer from urinary infections which can lead to pyelonephritis and cystitis. The main cause of these infections is uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli. Serogroups and virulence factors of this bacterium play an important role in occurrence of infection’s symptoms. Unfortunately, due to the occurrence of antibiotic resistances, common treatments are ineffective and costly. The aim of this study was to study the distribution of virulence factors, serogroups and antibiotic resistance properties of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from pediatrics with pyelonephritis and cystitis.
Material and Methods: In this study which was conducted during the year 2012 to 2013, 121 Escherichia coli strains were isolated from boys (51 samples) and girls (70 samples) with pyelonephritis and cystitis impatient in Baqiat-alah Hospital, Tehran. Antibiotic resistance of the isolates against commonly used antibiotics in the cases of urinary infections was investigated using disk diffusion method. Finally, PCR reactions using specific primers were done in order to detect virulence factors, serogroups and antibiotic resistance genes.
Results: Totally, 45.09% of boys and 55.71% of girls were positive for presence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The highest distribution of bacterium was seen in less than one year old boys (71.42%) and 5-12 years old girls (75%). Results showed that the distribution of Escherichia coli in children with pyelonephritis and cystitis were 55.55% and 44.89%, respectively. The most commonly detected serogroups in children with pyelonephritis were O1, O2, O4 and O7 while, the most commonly detected serogroups in children with cystitis were O1, O2, O6 and O16. The most frequent virulence factors in the cases of pyelonephritis were pap (100%), afa (97.5%), sfa (95%), hly (95%) and cnf-1 (92.5%) and their most frequent in the cases of cystitis were fim (100%), pap (72.7%), afa (63.6%) and hly (45.4%). The genes which encode antibiotic resistance against gentamicin (aac(3)-IV) (96.7%), beta-lactams (blaSHV and CITM) (90.3% and 88.7%, respectively), tetracycline (tetA) (82.2%), had the highest incidence in the bacterial isolates. Escherichia coli isolates had the highest antibiotic resistance against gentamicin (95.1%), ampicillin (91.9%), amikacin (85.4%) and ciprofloxacin (83.8%).
Discussion: Determination of the antibiotic resistance pattern in uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from children with urinary infections is important in each area or in hospital. Imipenem, due to its low antibiotic resistance, can be an effective drug for treatments of children with pyelonephritis and cystitis.
Somayeh Momeni Mofrad, , Gholamreza Goudarzi, Pegah Shakib, Jamileh Nowroozi,
year 7, Issue 2 (9-2013)
Abstract
Backgrounds: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains are the predominant causative organisms of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Aminoglycosides are clinically useful antibiotics with bactericidal activity against this bacterium. The most common mechanism for resistance to these antibiotics are mediated through production of aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs). The most common of these enzymes are Aminoglycoside Acetyltransferases (AACs). The epidemiology of the dominant type of these enzymes, AAC(3)-II, varies from region to region. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern with a focus on aminoglycosides and the prevalence of aac(3)-IIa gene among clinical isolates of uropathogenic Escherichia coli obtained from Delfan, Lorestan, Iran.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, a total of 100 uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates were collected from BoAli hospital in Delfan city, Lorestan, from July to November 2010. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates were determined using disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute )CLSI) guidelines. Prevalence of aac(3)-IIa gene was determined by PCR and the relationship between resistance phenotypes to aminoglycosides and presence of aac(3)-IIa gene was evaluated.
Results: Among the 100 tested isolates, maximal resistance was seen to ampicillin (85%) whereas, no resistance to imipenem was found. Sixty percent of the isolates demonstrated resistance to at least one of the tested aminoglycosides. Resistance rate towards these agents were as followed: gentamicin 39%, kanamycin 26%, neomycin 31% and amikacin 1%. Forty–four isolates (44%) harbored the aac(3)-IIa gene. The maximal rate of gene presence (36 isolates, 92.3%) was detected in strains with gentamicin resistant phenotype (39 isolates, 39%).
Conclusion: On the basis of our findings, use of antibiotics such as nitrofurantoin, amikacin or imipenem are recommended for empirical treatment of UTIs. In addition, locally widespread distribution of aac(3)-IIa gene will pose concerns about progressive resistance against potent aminoglycosides such as gentamicin, tobramycin and others in the future.
Mr Mohammad Pouryasin, Mrs Marjan Shaheli, Miss Masoume Rahmani, Miss Tannaz Heidarzadeh, Mr Heidar Sharafi, Mr Mohammad Farvardin,
year 7, Issue 4 (3-2014)
Abstract
Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection. Having enough knowledge about the etiology of UTIs and also antibiotic resistant pattern of E.coli as the commonest uropahtogen helps the physicians to deal with these kinds of infections. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of uropathogens originated by bacteria and antibiotic resistance pat-tern of E.coli as the most common cause of urinary tract infections.
Material and methods: From 2010/09/23 to 2011/09/23 all medical case records of all patients diagnosed with UTI at Shahid Faghihi hospital (Shiraz, Iran), Shahid Motahari hospital (Marvdasht, Iran) and a private pathology laboratory (Saadat-Shahr, Iran) were analyzed in order to assess the prevalence of all bacterial uropathogens and the direct effect of seasonal changes on it. To determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of E.coli, from 2011/07/19 to 2011/08/30, in a cross-sectional study, 100 E.coli out of 146 gram-negative bacteria were detected by biochemical and gram stain tests. Antibiotic resistance tests were done using CLSI criteria.
Results and conclusion: The prevalence of staphylococcus and Acinetobacter in both sexes and the prevalence of Streptococcus, Klebsiella and Diphtheroids among females were altered by seasonal changes. The resistance rates detected were 1% to Amikacin, 98% to Tetracycline, 15% to Gentamicin, 72% to co-trimoxazole, 56% to Ciprofloxacin, 66% to Nalidixic acid, 17% to Nitrofurantoin.
In addition to the patients’ gender and the region of study, seasonal changes fol-lowed by thermal and humidity changes, is another significant factor which influences the etiolo-gy of UTIs. Also antibiotic resistance pattern would be different even in neighbor cities.
Mr Hossien Alli Abdi, Dr Ahmad Rashki, Dr Zahra Rashki, Mrs Fatemeh Shahkarami, Dr Zahra Shahraki,
year 7, Issue 4 (3-2014)
Abstract
Background: The ability of adherence to the host cell surface, present of sidrophore receptors and α-hemolysin (hlyA) are common virulence attributes produced by Escherichia coli that enhances virulence in a number of clinical infections. It has been revealed that E. coli strains that infect uro-genital tracts have different virulence factors. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of genes encoding virulence factors in cervico-vaginal pathogenic E. coli isolated from women attending Gynecology clinics in Zabol-Iran.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 380 cervico-vaginal swabs were obtained from patients with genital tract infections referred to Gynecology clinics in Zabol-Iran during the period (from January to July 2013). A total 132 E. coli isolates were confirmed by conventional biochemical tests. DNA was extracted from all isolates by the boiling method and then DNA was used to determine the presence and prevalence of selected virulence genes including hlyA, iroN, iucD and fimH. The phylo-groups of isolates were determined by detection of yjaA and chuA genes and fragment TspE4.C2.
Results: In 132 samples, the frequency of hlyA, iroN, iucD and fimH genes were 71, 37, 31 and 17% respectively. Four major phylogenetic lineages (A, B1, B2, and D) were found in 7%, 19%, 62% and 14% of isolates, respectively. Isolates present in group B2 showed highest presence of virulence genes.
Conclusion: This results show that the iroN, iucD, and fimH genes were the most virulent genes of E. coli isolates obtained from patients with uro-genital tract infection. These findings can be valuable in etiology of cervico-vaginal infections (CVIs), CVI administration and management and success of treatment strategies.
Pezhman Bagheri, Mohammad Reza Sepand,
year 8, Issue 4 (1-2015)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The variation of reported nosocomial infection is very high respectively. It seems review systematic and Meta analysis of related documents gives precise estimate of this subject for correct politisize. So tha aim of this study the review systematic and meta analysis of prevalence and causes of nosocomial infection in iran.
Materials and Methods: For this study all articles published in Iranian journals and international journals, Final Report of Research Projects, related papers presented at congresses and thesis were reviewed with using standard and sensitive keywords. Then, all articles published between 1997-2010 years that had eligibility Inclusion criteria after quality control, using random model, intered to process of meta-analysis.
Results: The finding show that the best estimate of total prevalence of nosocomial infection in Iran is 30.43% and the most common infections of nosocomial infection are respiratory infection 39.4%%, urinary infection 23.88%, bacteremia 21.98% and the most common factors of nosocomial infection are Pseudomonas aeroginosa 26.78%, klebsiella 31.42%, Staphylococcus 23.6% and E.coli 30.93%. The research also found a substantial heterogeneity that using meta regression method the main cause of produce of this heterogeneity, participants people, sample size, average age of the samples, time of study and gender were introduced.
Conclusions: The simple review of studied documents in this survey show that prevalence rate of different nosocomial infection in Iran is high relatively. Hence make appropriate and evidence-based educational and control programs to reduce nosocomial infections prevalence rate in Iran should be considered by policy makers.
Bita Bijari, Ali Abbasi, Mina Hemati, Keyvan Karabi,
year 8, Issue 4 (1-2015)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Nosocomial infections are defined as infections occurring during a patient's stay at hospital (48-72h after admission).Nosocomial infections are one of the important problems of health. This study aimed was determine the prevalence of nosocomial infections, and related factors in hospitals with more than 100 beds in south Khorasan Province.
Materials and Methods: In this crass-sectional study, an investigator-administered questionnaire was completed for each patient with nosocomial infections diagnosis in hospitals with more than 100 beds in South Khorasan. This questionnaire conation demographic characteristic of patients, department, duration of admission, kind of pathogen and risk factors that was designed according to standard questionnaire of Iranian Nasocomial infections surveillance system (INIS) of Center for communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health. Data were analyzed with SPSS 16 software.
Results and discussion: Number of patients with nosocomial infection was 358. The incidence of nosocomial infection was 0.9%. ICU had the highest incidence rate (17.3%). The most common nosocomial infection was pneumonia (43%), and urinary tract infection (UTI) (15.1%). In 33.5% culture result were negative. In other cases, culture results showed klebsiella spp. (12.8%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.8%) were the most prevalent bacteria. Most factors associated with nosocomial infection in patients were urinary catheters (70.4%), suction (66.8%) and tracheal tube (54.2%). 24% of patients expired. The results showed lower ratio of nosocomial infection, that the main reason is failure to detection and reporting of actual cases of nosocomial infection. Promoting detection and reporting system for Prevention and control of nosocomial infection was recommended
Mona Pakdel, Mahbubeh Zarrabi, Ezat Asgarani, Parisa Mohammadi,
year 9, Issue 1 (4-2015)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The ability to predict antigenic sites on proteins is of major importance for medication. The aim of this study was to predict the antigenic sites on Agglutin in Like Sequence (ALS1) and Hyphal Wall Protein Sequences (HWP1) in Candida albicans isolated of vaginal infections using Physico-Chemical Profiles server.
Materials and Methods: 7 isolates were obtained from women with vaginal infection which were collected from various medical centers of Tehran in 2011 and 2012. At the first,DNA was extracted by Phenol-Chloroform method. Multiplex PCR was performed by using specific primers. In order to do bioinformatic studies, the genes were sequenced and then translated. Antigenic sites of protein sequences were identified by Physico-Chemical Profiles program.
Results: The results showed that the presence of two genes als1 and hwp1 in isolates. In ALS1 and HWP1, respectively 2 and 1 antigenic site with the most antigenicity were identified.
Conclusions: According to previous studies, Serine and Threonine phosphorylation is an important mechanism in pathogenesis of ALS1 and HWP1 proteins. Results in this study showed that serine and threonine are the most amino acids in the antigenic sites with high antigenicity property.
Molood Barzan, Reza Hoseyni-Doust, Zohreh Ghalavand,
year 9, Issue 4 (2-2016)
Abstract
Background and Aims: One of the most important childhood infections is urinary tract infection (UTI). In order to prevent serious complications of UTI in children such as hypertension and renal failure, definitively diagnose and prompt treatment are essential. Since bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae are known to be the most common causes of UTI, the present study aimed to determine the frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of them in children with UTI.
Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on urine samples of children with UTI referred to Children`s Medical Center of Tehran during one year. The urine samples were cultured on selective media and the bacteria were identified by biochemical tests. Antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates were investigated by disk diffusion method.
Results and Discussion: Out of 1348 positive urines for Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, more cases of UTI were observed in outpatient (1050, 77.89%) than in hospitalized patients (298, 22.11%). E.coli was the most common bacteria isolated among family Enterobacteriaceae, with prevalence of 76%. The clinical isolates had the most sensitivity to Amikacin and Piperacillin-Tazobactam, respectively (93%), and (98%) and resistance to Cephalothin (80%). Considering the prevalence of urinary tract infections, especially in children under 2 years and also in girls, the knowledge of local resistance pattern and well-timed eligible treatment are imperative. Accordingly, Amikacin and Piperacillin-Tazobactam are recommended for empirical treatment in children with UTI.
