en مقاومت پادزیستی (آنتی بیوتیکی) Antibiotic Resistance مقاله مروری Systematic Review <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Spread of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria has reached a critical point, with the emergence of resistant strains for last line antibiotics, alongside a dwindling discovery pipeline for novel antimicrobials. This review aimed to highlight the dual role of the environment in the development of antimicrobial resistance as well as the source for the discovery of novel antimicrobials. Microorganisms live in heterogeneous communities and competition for survival applies evolutionary pressure to both antimicrobial metabolite production and tolerance development. Exposure to environmental chemicals, either naturally occurring or due to anthropogenic activities, also leads to the development of tolerance mechanisms. Further, antimicrobial resistance genes, which attain mobility during evolution, may be transferred to other species through horizontal gene transfer. While overuse and misuse of antibiotics is identified as a key agent for antimicrobial resistance, we should take into consideration that resistance mechanisms existed in the environment long before their discovery. The biosynthetic capacity of microorganisms for secondary metabolites far exceeds what has been characterized so far. Similarly, mechanisms for tolerance and resistance for these natural antibiotics may still be awaiting discovery. Future challenges lie in the discovery of novel antibiotic classes for which tolerance mechanisms have not yet been transferred to clinical strains. Novel strategies, guided by genomics and computational methods, will accelerate antibiotic discovery.</span></span></p> Antimicrobial Resistance, Drug Resistance, Environmental Microbiology, Horizontal Gene Transfer, Secondary Metabolite, Tolerance Mechanism 302 317 http://ijmm.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2767-2&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Sharmila Jayasena sharmila@bmb.cmb.ac.lk 100319475328460033674 100319475328460033674 No Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka Meran Keshawa Ediriweera meran@bmb.cmb.ac.lk 100319475328460033675 100319475328460033675 Yes Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka Chaniru Udukumbura medpg23mb010@stu.cmb.ac.lk 100319475328460033676 100319475328460033676 No Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka